Evangelia synoptica






Paene omnia, quae Marcus continet, in Matthaeo inveniuntur, et multa Marciana similiter in Luca inveniuntur. Praeterea Matthaeo et Lucae sunt res, quae in Marco non inveniuntur.


Evangelia synoptica (a verbo Graeco συνόψις sive synopticus) sunt tria evangelia secundum Marcum, Matthaeum et Lucam in Novo Testamento Bibliorum.


Haec tria evangelia verbis et multis textis, qui continentur, admodum similia sunt. Itaque iam anno 1776 evangelia a Ioanne Iacobo Griesbach in tribus columnis posita sunt, ut melius comparari possent. Talis textuum iuxtapositio synopsis ("conspectus") vocatur, quare haec evangelia synoptica nominata sunt.


Argumentum maximi momenti scientiae biblicae in tribus evangeliis synopticis indagandis est sic dicta "quaestio synoptica" quaerens, quomodo similitudines ac differentiae trium evangeliorum verbis, rerum ordine electioneque exponi possint. Sunt variae hypotheses a saeculo duodevicesimo exeunte:




  • Hypothesis evangelii primitivi (ut puta Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Ioannes Godefridus Eichhorn) putat tria synoptica in evangelium amissum nomine "evangelio Nazarenorum" lingua Aramaica vel Hebraica compositum inniti.


  • Hypothesis diegeseon sive fragmentorum (ut puta Fridericus Daniel Ernestus Schleiermacher) multitudinem notitiarum, fragmentorum ac collectionum textuum, quae mutuis relationibus carebant, postulat, quorum alius evangelista alia novisset sive adhibuisset.


  • Hypothesis traditionis (ut puta Ioannes Gottfriedus Herder) opinatur munus "evangelistarum" fuisse, qui narrationes evangelii certo ordine constitutas peregrinando praedicarent. Quae narrationes ab alio evangelista synoptico aliter receptae sunt.


Hodie variae "hypotheses usurpationis" vigent, quae evangelia synoptica inter se dependere postulant.



  • Sic dicta Griesbach-Hypothesis fontibus patristicis innitens (ut puta Ioannes Iacobus Griesbach, David Fridericus Strauss) hodie imprimis in terris linguae Anglicae diffusa est (Anglice: "Two-Gospel-Hypothesis", Theodisce: "Neo-Griesbach-Theorie"). Evangelium secundum Matthaeum antiquissimum habetur, quo auctor evangelii secundum Lucam usus est. Evangelium secundum Marcum argumenta aliorum breviter astrinxisse.

  • Latissime diffusa est Hypothesis duorum fontium: Evangelium secundum Marcum primum conscriptum esse; praeterea alium fontem verba Christi continentem exstitisse collectionem sermonum Domini ("Q") nuncupatum. Matthaeum Lucamque Marco atque "Q" usos esse.



Bibliographia |



  • Kurt Aland (Ed.): Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, ISBN 978-3438051301

  • Walter Schmithals: "Evangelien, synoptische". In: Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Vol. 10, 1982, pp. 570-626




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