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Philosophia et artes liberales.

Philosophia (etymologice 'amor sapientiae', Graece φιλεῖν 'amare' + σοφία 'sapientia') est studium sapientiae vel veritatis, per investigationem principiorum cogitationis humanorumque factorum. Qui philosophiae se dedicant philosophi nominantur. "Philosophia individua dimittit; neque impressiones primas individuorum, sed notiones ab illis abstractas complectitur; atque hoc prorsus officium est atque opificium rationis."^[1]

Vocabulum philosophia a Pythagora fictum est, quia sapientiam privilegium divinum habebat, ipse autem sapiens (sophos) haberi nolebat. Amator sapientae (vel scientiae) igitur dici malebat.

Philosophia hodierna multas definitiones habet, inter eas:

• Criticum studium omnium humanarum quaestionum;


• Rationale studium omnis sapientiae humanae;


• Studium quaestionum, quibus responsa non sint absoluta.

Partes speciales philosophiae sunt philosophia mentis, philosophia scientiarum, philosophia orationis, philosophia historiae, philosophia religionis, et cetera.

Notiones philosophiae |

Inter notiones philosophiae sunt philosophari; esse, essentia, quidditas, haecceitas, substantia, exsistentia, res, realitas; perceptio, spatium, tempus, conscientia, veritas; ratio, mens, memoria, voluntas, desiderium; bonus, officium, virtus, libertas; natura, societas, iustitia, potestas, civitas; ars, labor, historia, illuminatio, cosmotheoria.

Divisio |

Praecipuae philosophiae notiones realitatis et veritatis (in metaphysica, logica, et ontologia), sapientiae (in epistemologia), boni et iustitiae (in ethice et oeconomia politica), et pulchritudinis (in Aesthetica) sunt.

Philosophia dividitur in:

Historia philosophiae |

Plurum philosophorum nomina discere poteris s.v. index philosophorum.

Philosophia Occidentalis |

Graecia |

• 
  Vide etiam Index philosophorum Graecorum
  

Mors Socratis, pictura ab Iacobus Ludovico David anno 1787 picta. Socrates venenum Conii bibiturus est.

Plato (laeva) et Aristoteles (dextra): pars Scholae Athenarum, a Raphaelo anno 1509 picta.

Origo philosophiae |

Occidentalis traditio coepit in Graecia. Res prima fuit indagatio ἀρχῆς id est principii mundi. Philosophi praeclari fuerunt:

Philosophia classica |

Circa 400 a.C.n., disputatio facta est cogitatio de homine. Philosophi, qui creaverunt classicam philosophiam in Europa, fuerunt:

• Socrates


• Plato


• Aristoteles

Philosophia hellenistica |

Roma |

Romani eandem ferme viam rationemque philosophandi, i.e. sapientiam adfectandi, secuti sunt ac Graeci. Praeclari philosophi erant:

Mediaevalis philosophia |

St. Thomas Aquinas.

Philosophia Temporis Renatarum Artium |

Marsilius Ficinus.

Iordanus Brunus.

Hodierna philosophia |

Ioannes Lockius.

Renatus Cartesius (Franciscus Hals pinxit).

Immanuel Kant.

Philosophia pessimismi |

• Arthurus Schopenhauer


• Fridericus Nietzsche


• Aemilius Michael Cioran

Philosophia Institiae Socialiae |

• Simona Weil


• Iohannes Rawls

Philosophia neo-Aristoteliana |

• Ayn Rand


• Harrius Binswanger


• Andreas Bernstein


• Leonardus Peikoff

Philosophia analytica |

Philosophia marxistica |

• Carolus Marx


• Fridericus Engels


• Ludovicus Althusser


• Georgius Lukacs


• Vladimirus Lenin

Philosophia existentialistica |

• Severinus Kierkegaard


• Ioannes Paulus Sartre


• Albertus Camus


• Carolus Theodorus Jaspers

Philosophia post-moderna |

• Iacobus Derrida


• Michael Foucault


• Aegidius Deleuze


• Sigismundus Bauman

Philosophia phaenomenologica |

Hermeneutica |

• Ioannes Georgius Gadamer


• Paulus Ricoeur


• Antonius Gerards

Philosophia Sinica |

• Confucius


• 
  Mocius seu Micius
  


• Mencius


• Laocius

Philosophia Indica |

Philosophia Buddhistica

Nexus interni

• Artes liberales


• Omnia


• Philosophia coloris


• Philosophia mathematicae


• PhiloSOPHIA (periodicum)


• Philosophia recens


• Philosophia religionis


• Philosophia religiosa


• Philosophia scientiae

Notae |

Bibliographia |

• Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, et John Cumming, eds. (1983), 1992. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers. Fontana Originals. Hammersmith Angliae.: Fontana Press. ISBN 9780006369653.


• Bullock, Alan, et Oliver Stallybrass, eds. 1977. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060105785.


• Julia, Didier. 2006. Dictionnaire de la philosophie. Responsable éditorial, Emmanuel de Waresquiel; secretariat de rédaction, Joelle Narjollet. Lutetiae: Larousse. ISBN 9782035833099.


• Reese, W. L. 1980. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands Novae Caesareae: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780391006881.

Praefationes |

• Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2003. Thinking it Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. ISBN 9780195134582.


• Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 9780907845331.


• Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192854216.


• Curley, Edwin. 1994. A Spinoza Reader. Princeton. ISBN 9780691000671.


• Durant, Will. 1991. Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers. Pocket. ISBN 9780671739164.


• Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 9780333693438.


• Higgins, Kathleen M., et Robert C. Solomon. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 9780195101966.


• 
  Philosophy Now. Magazina.


• Rochelle, Gerald. 2012. Doing Philosophy. ISBN 9781780460048.


• Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 9780195115529.


• Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. What is Philosophy? An Introduction. ISBN 9781903765944.


• Sober, Elliott. 2001. Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131898691.


• Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 9780534167080.


• Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 9780415146944.

Res |

• Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 9780268015695.


• Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192853592.


• Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192853745.


• Harwood, Sterling, ed. 2000. Business as Ethical and Business as Usual. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing Co.


• Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 9780847688418.


• Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 9780745619774.


• Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 9780195133356.


• Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 9780745619606.


• Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 9780863162824.


• Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 9780195052923.


• Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 9780415267632.


• Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 9780415228527.


• Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 9780345368096.

Anthologiae |

• 
  Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1 & 2, 2nd edition), ed. Louis P. Pojman


• 
  Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century (Vol. 3), ed. Louis P. Pojman


• 
  The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill, ed. Edwin Arthur


• 
  European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche, ed. Monroe Beardsley


• 
  Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings, ed. James Baillie


• 
  Existentialism: Basic Writings, ed. 2a., ed. Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom


• 
  The Phenomenology Reader ed. Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney


• 
  Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings, ed. Muhammad Ali Khalidi


• 
  A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore


• 
  A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, ed. Wing-tsit Chan
  


• Kim, J., et Ernest Sosa, ed. 1999. Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.


• 
  The Oxford Handbook of Free Will 2004. Ed. Robert Kane


• Husserl, Edmund, et Donn Welton. 1999. The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253212733.


• Cottingham, John. 2008. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. ed. 2a. Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Pub. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.

Opera referentiae |

• Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019649 


• Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 031326449X 


• 
  The Oxford Companion to Philosophy ed. Ted Honderich


• 
  The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy a Robert Audi


• 
  The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) ed. Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi


• 
  The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Edward Craig. Imminutio.


• 
  Encyclopedia of Philosophy (8 vol.), ed. Paulo Edwards.


• 
  International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.


• 
  Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.


• 
  Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vol.) ed. John Marenbon


• 
  History of Philosophy (9 vol.) a Frederick Copleston
  


• 
  A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) a W. T. Jones


• 
  History of Italian Philosophy (2 vol.) a Eugenio Garin.


• 
  Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vol.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)


• 
  Indian Philosophy (2 vol.) ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan


• 
  A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vol.) ed. Surendranath Dasgupta


• 
  History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vol.) ed. Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde


• 
  Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming ed. Chan, Wing-tsit


• 
  Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy ed. Antonio S. Cua


• 
  Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion ed. Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs


• 
  Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy ed. Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam


• 
  A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English ed. John A. Grimes


• 
  History of Islamic Philosophy ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman


• 
  History of Jewish Philosophy ed. Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman


• 
  A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries a Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin

Addita |

• Ayer, A. J., et al., ed. 1994. A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell Ltd.


• Blackburn, S., ed. 1996. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.


• Angeles, P. A., ed. 1992. The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: Harper Perennial.


• Bunnin, N., et al., ed. 1996. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.


• Hoffman, Eric, ed. 1997. Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.


• Mauter, T., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. Londinii: Penguin Books.


• Popkin, R. H. 1999. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.


• Runes, D., ed. 1942. The Dictionary of Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: The Philosophical Library, Inc.

Nexus externi |

• Wikisource


• Scholasticon bibliotheca


• Corpus scriptorum latinorum


• Scholasticon bibliotheca


• Corpus scriptorum latinorum


• Philosophia


• Encyclopedia


• Situs Hispanicus philosophiae


• Situs Universitatis Jean Moulin Lugduni 3


• Academie Grannopolis


• Atrium


• Bibliotheca philosophiae


• Bibliotheca


• Biographiae et citationes philosophorum et scriptores athei