Are there plans to develop a golang version of Android?
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings: https://www.android.com/versions/go-edition. Or is this a native Go Android?
android go asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
add a comment |
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings: https://www.android.com/versions/go-edition. Or is this a native Go Android?
android go asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
1
Go edition is just a naming, it has nothing to do with Golang.
– Angus Tay
Aug 8 '18 at 1:12
add a comment |
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings: https://www.android.com/versions/go-edition. Or is this a native Go Android?
android go asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings: https://www.android.com/versions/go-edition. Or is this a native Go Android?
android go android go asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
asked Aug 7 '18 at 22:52
Tom RussellTom Russell
431217
431217
1
Go edition is just a naming, it has nothing to do with Golang.
– Angus Tay
Aug 8 '18 at 1:12
add a comment |
1
Go edition is just a naming, it has nothing to do with Golang.
– Angus Tay
Aug 8 '18 at 1:12
1
1
Go edition is just a naming, it has nothing to do with Golang.
– Angus Tay
Aug 8 '18 at 1:12
Go edition is just a naming, it has nothing to do with Golang.
– Angus Tay
Aug 8 '18 at 1:12
add a comment |
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings
No. Android Go is a line of Android apps designed for use on low-end Android devices. Android Go has nothing to do with:
- the Go programming language
- the Go strategy board game
- the Go square on a traditional Monopoly board
- etc.
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
That is because it does not exist.
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
1
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
1
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
add a comment |
Here is a wiki with clear steps to achieve compiling a golang app and installing onto android
https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile
The toy android app shows an animated triangle which follows your touch as it moves about ... this actually worked when I discovered above wiki I believe from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875886 To quote their wiki
The Go mobile subrepository adds support for mobile platforms (Android and iOS) and provides tools to build mobile applications.
There are two strategies you can follow to include Go into your mobile stack:
- Writing all-Go native mobile applications.
- Writing SDK applications by generating bindings from a Go package and invoke them from Java (on Android) and Objective-C (on iOS).
Writing golang for mobile can be like writing c++ for mobile - great for writing firmware level servers say for HLS (http-live-streaming) which live below any app to which apps make calls to
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
add a comment |
Note that it is possible to compile Go to both JavaScript and WASM. I've use the WASM support to build an application that work across all modern browsers. (incl. modern mobile browsers)
The way I do it is that I load the Go program in a background worker, I then use a channel to talk to the Go program as it was an API running locally. My primary reason for doing so was to leverage some of the functionality in the standard library, specifically, the cryptographic APIs.
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function () {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function () {
StackExchange.snippets.init();
});
});
}, "code-snippets");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "1"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f51736462%2fare-there-plans-to-develop-a-golang-version-of-android%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings
No. Android Go is a line of Android apps designed for use on low-end Android devices. Android Go has nothing to do with:
- the Go programming language
- the Go strategy board game
- the Go square on a traditional Monopoly board
- etc.
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
That is because it does not exist.
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
1
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
1
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
add a comment |
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings
No. Android Go is a line of Android apps designed for use on low-end Android devices. Android Go has nothing to do with:
- the Go programming language
- the Go strategy board game
- the Go square on a traditional Monopoly board
- etc.
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
That is because it does not exist.
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
1
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
1
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
add a comment |
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings
No. Android Go is a line of Android apps designed for use on low-end Android devices. Android Go has nothing to do with:
- the Go programming language
- the Go strategy board game
- the Go square on a traditional Monopoly board
- etc.
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
That is because it does not exist.
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
I see there's an Android 9 (Go edition) version. But it looks like it's just more Java with Golang bindings
No. Android Go is a line of Android apps designed for use on low-end Android devices. Android Go has nothing to do with:
- the Go programming language
- the Go strategy board game
- the Go square on a traditional Monopoly board
- etc.
I've looked around a bit but I can't find a discussion about a version of Android built directly from golang source code and little or no Java.
That is because it does not exist.
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
answered Aug 7 '18 at 22:57
CommonsWareCommonsWare
771k13818801932
771k13818801932
1
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
1
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
add a comment |
1
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
1
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
1
1
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
Certainly the Monopoly thing can't just be coincidence...
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:09
1
1
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
Fuchsia may (or may not) eventually displace Android, and parts of it are wtitten in Go; but only parts, and the other parts are written in C, C++, Dart, and may be something else. And since Android is the kernel plus some amount of Java API and userspace, I doubt it would even be a good idea to (re-)write all of this in Go, especially the kernel.
– kostix
Aug 8 '18 at 11:13
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
What a mess. Doesn't look like Fushia is going to save us. But a complete rewrite of kernel, APIs and user space in golang might not? How can C be better in any way than Go?
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:17
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
I guess the Linux stack will need to all be rewritten as well.
– Tom Russell
Aug 16 '18 at 8:21
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
The only choice could be a WebAssembly API accessible for userspace. That way any language compiled go wasm could use it. This is where the web goes so I see no reason why native OSes wouldn't follow. So it's not all lost but today looks like you need to use Java to write Android apps and Swift/Objective-C to write iOS apps...I already regret using Go in my latest mobile app.
– mike
Oct 21 '18 at 15:34
add a comment |
Here is a wiki with clear steps to achieve compiling a golang app and installing onto android
https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile
The toy android app shows an animated triangle which follows your touch as it moves about ... this actually worked when I discovered above wiki I believe from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875886 To quote their wiki
The Go mobile subrepository adds support for mobile platforms (Android and iOS) and provides tools to build mobile applications.
There are two strategies you can follow to include Go into your mobile stack:
- Writing all-Go native mobile applications.
- Writing SDK applications by generating bindings from a Go package and invoke them from Java (on Android) and Objective-C (on iOS).
Writing golang for mobile can be like writing c++ for mobile - great for writing firmware level servers say for HLS (http-live-streaming) which live below any app to which apps make calls to
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
add a comment |
Here is a wiki with clear steps to achieve compiling a golang app and installing onto android
https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile
The toy android app shows an animated triangle which follows your touch as it moves about ... this actually worked when I discovered above wiki I believe from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875886 To quote their wiki
The Go mobile subrepository adds support for mobile platforms (Android and iOS) and provides tools to build mobile applications.
There are two strategies you can follow to include Go into your mobile stack:
- Writing all-Go native mobile applications.
- Writing SDK applications by generating bindings from a Go package and invoke them from Java (on Android) and Objective-C (on iOS).
Writing golang for mobile can be like writing c++ for mobile - great for writing firmware level servers say for HLS (http-live-streaming) which live below any app to which apps make calls to
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
add a comment |
Here is a wiki with clear steps to achieve compiling a golang app and installing onto android
https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile
The toy android app shows an animated triangle which follows your touch as it moves about ... this actually worked when I discovered above wiki I believe from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875886 To quote their wiki
The Go mobile subrepository adds support for mobile platforms (Android and iOS) and provides tools to build mobile applications.
There are two strategies you can follow to include Go into your mobile stack:
- Writing all-Go native mobile applications.
- Writing SDK applications by generating bindings from a Go package and invoke them from Java (on Android) and Objective-C (on iOS).
Writing golang for mobile can be like writing c++ for mobile - great for writing firmware level servers say for HLS (http-live-streaming) which live below any app to which apps make calls to
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
Here is a wiki with clear steps to achieve compiling a golang app and installing onto android
https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile
The toy android app shows an animated triangle which follows your touch as it moves about ... this actually worked when I discovered above wiki I believe from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875886 To quote their wiki
The Go mobile subrepository adds support for mobile platforms (Android and iOS) and provides tools to build mobile applications.
There are two strategies you can follow to include Go into your mobile stack:
- Writing all-Go native mobile applications.
- Writing SDK applications by generating bindings from a Go package and invoke them from Java (on Android) and Objective-C (on iOS).
Writing golang for mobile can be like writing c++ for mobile - great for writing firmware level servers say for HLS (http-live-streaming) which live below any app to which apps make calls to
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
edited Aug 8 '18 at 0:43
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
answered Aug 8 '18 at 0:37
Scott StenslandScott Stensland
15.9k75671
15.9k75671
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
add a comment |
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
Thanks. +1 for the effort though it didn't really address my question.
– Tom Russell
Aug 8 '18 at 5:19
add a comment |
Note that it is possible to compile Go to both JavaScript and WASM. I've use the WASM support to build an application that work across all modern browsers. (incl. modern mobile browsers)
The way I do it is that I load the Go program in a background worker, I then use a channel to talk to the Go program as it was an API running locally. My primary reason for doing so was to leverage some of the functionality in the standard library, specifically, the cryptographic APIs.
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
add a comment |
Note that it is possible to compile Go to both JavaScript and WASM. I've use the WASM support to build an application that work across all modern browsers. (incl. modern mobile browsers)
The way I do it is that I load the Go program in a background worker, I then use a channel to talk to the Go program as it was an API running locally. My primary reason for doing so was to leverage some of the functionality in the standard library, specifically, the cryptographic APIs.
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
add a comment |
Note that it is possible to compile Go to both JavaScript and WASM. I've use the WASM support to build an application that work across all modern browsers. (incl. modern mobile browsers)
The way I do it is that I load the Go program in a background worker, I then use a channel to talk to the Go program as it was an API running locally. My primary reason for doing so was to leverage some of the functionality in the standard library, specifically, the cryptographic APIs.
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
Note that it is possible to compile Go to both JavaScript and WASM. I've use the WASM support to build an application that work across all modern browsers. (incl. modern mobile browsers)
The way I do it is that I load the Go program in a background worker, I then use a channel to talk to the Go program as it was an API running locally. My primary reason for doing so was to leverage some of the functionality in the standard library, specifically, the cryptographic APIs.
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
answered Jan 20 at 12:03
John LeidegrenJohn Leidegren
36.5k15100135
36.5k15100135
add a comment |
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f51736462%2fare-there-plans-to-develop-a-golang-version-of-android%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
1
Go edition is just a naming, it has nothing to do with Golang.
– Angus Tay
Aug 8 '18 at 1:12